9 Why Do We Work So Much?

So far in this book, we’ve looked at how economies grow and what drives their development. We’ve explored the paths countries take as they rise, and we’ve asked: how can we measure this progress? What lies behind it?

At the heart of every economy, one input remains constant and essential: labour. No matter how advanced or underdeveloped an economy might be, it cannot function without people who work, produce, manage, serve, and create. But the role of labour is not fixed. It changes across time and space, shaped by policies, technology, and social expectations.

In many developing and lower-income countries, production is often built around cheap labour. Factories and farms rely on large workforces, offering low wages in return for long hours. This pattern has helped several economies grow in the past, but it also raises questions about fairness, sustainability, and long-term human development.

In contrast, wealthier economies have begun to question something deeper. With higher productivity and better access to technology, a new conversation has emerged: why are we still working so much? In a world richer than ever, why are so many people unable to rest, to take holidays, or to spend quality time with their families, even when working full-time?

This gap between working hours and resting time is one of the defining challenges of our time. Many people simply can’t afford a break, despite working hard. In response, some developed countries have started debating whether the standard work week should be reduced to four days. This isn’t just about convenience; it’s about rethinking what it means to live well in a modern society.

At the same time, millions of people spend hours commuting each day. This routine takes a toll on both individuals and the environment. Vehicles create pollution, stress levels rise, and time is lost. Yet, as recent experience has shown, many jobs can be done remotely. Working from home allows people to save time, reduce stress, and use their energy for more meaningful parts of life. It also helps reduce carbon emissions and traffic congestion.

Many organisations have already taken steps in this direction. Remote work, flexible hours, and hybrid models are no longer just temporary solutions; they are becoming part of a broader shift in how we understand work itself.

So now, let’s turn our attention to the labour market. How is it evolving? What are the major forces reshaping it? And most importantly, what do these changes mean for people, society, and the future of our economies?

Let’s begin.