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The Right to Life
Basch FF, ‘The Doctrine of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Regarding States’ Duty to Punish Human Rights Violations and Its Dangers’ (2007) 23 American University International Law Review’ 195 < https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=auilr> accessed 15 April 2026
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Copelon R, Zampas C, Brusie E, and deVore J ‘Human Rights Begin at Birth: International Law and the Claim of Fetal Rights’ (2005) 13 Reproductive Health Matters 120 <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(05)26218-3> accessed 15 April 2026
International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘The Use of Force in Law Enforcement Operations’ (ICRC) < https://www.icrc.org/sites/default/files/document/file_list/the_use_of_force_in_law_enforcement_operations.pdf> accessed 15 April 2026
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Human Rights and the Environment
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Fleurke F and Somsen H, ‘Will International Climate Law Change the International Legal Climate? (Nederland Rechsstaat, 2025) < https://www.nederlandrechtsstaat.nl/will-international-climate-law-change-the-international-legal-climate/> accessed 19 March 2026
Galka W, ‘Apocalypse Now: Climate Change, Eco-Anxiety and Art. 3 ECHR’s Prohibition of Degrading Treatment’ (Oxford University Undergraduate Law Journal, 2022) < https://blogs.law.ox.ac.uk/oxford-university-undergraduate-law-journal-blog/blog-post/2022/12/apocalypse-now-climate-change> accessed 18 March 2026
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Hartmann J and Savaresi A, ‘Corporate Actors, Environmental Harms and the Draft UN Treaty on Business and Human Rights: History in the Making?’ (2021) 83 QIL 27 < https://www.qil-qdi.org/corporate-actors-environmental-harms-and-the-draft-un-treaty-on-business-and-human-rights-history-in-the-making/> accessed 19 March 2026
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Heri C, ‘Deference, Dignity and ‘Theoretical Crisis’: Justifying ECtHR Rights Between Prudence and Protection’ (2024) 24 Human Rights Law Review 1 <https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngad032> accessed 18 March 2026
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Horstmannshoff I and Unmüßig B, ‘The Rights of Nature: A Redefinition of Human-Nature Relations’ (Henrich Böll Stiftung, 2025) < https://www.boell.de/en/2025/01/23/rights-nature-redefinition-human-nature-relations> accessed 19 March 2026
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Jahn J, ‘The Paris Effect: Human Rights in Light of International Climate Goals and Commitments’ (Climate Law: A Sabin Center Blog, 2024) < https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2024/04/26/the-paris-effect-human-rights-in-light-of-international-climate-goals-and-commitments/> accessed 18 March 2026
Kahl V, ‘Protecting Rights in the Anthropocene. How the Inter‑American Court’s Right to a Healthy Climate Pushes the Boundaries of Human Rights Law’ (Verfassungsblog 2025) < https://verfassungsblog.de/iacthr-right-to-a-healthy-climate/> accessed 18 March 2026
Kalfagianni A, Pedersen S, Strevis D, ‘Planetary Justice: A Systemic Analysis of an Emerging Discourse’ (2024) 33 Environmental Politics 1146 <https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2024.2374155> accessed 19 March 2026
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Knox JH and Tronolone N, ‘Environmental Justice as Environmental Human Rights’ (2024) 57 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 155 < https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4353718> accessed 19 March 2026
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Letsas G, ‘Did the Court in Klimaseniorinnen Create an actio popularis?’ (EJIL:Talk, 2024) < https://www.ejiltalk.org/did-the-court-in-klimaseniorinnen-create-an-actio-popularis/> accessed 18 March 2026
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McVey M and Savaresi A, ‘The ICJ Advisory Opinion on Climate Change: A Business and Human Rights Perspective’ (OpinioJuris, 2025) < https://opiniojuris.org/2025/08/04/the-icj-advisory-opinion-on-climate-change-a-business-and-human-rights-perspective/> accessed 19 March 2025
Mikulewicz M, Caretta MA, Sultana F, & J W Crawford N, ‘Intersectionality and Climate Justice: A Call for Synergy in Climate Change Scholarship’ (2023) 32 Environmental Politics 1275 <https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2023.2172869> accessed 19 March 2026
Minnerop P, ‘Climate Protection Agreements’ in Max Planck Encyclopaedia of International Law (OUP, 2018) < https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law-epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e2207> accessed 18 March 2026
Murcott M, Tigre MA and Zimmermann N, ‘What the ECtHR Could Learn from Courts in the Global South’ (Verfassungsblog, 2022) < https://verfassungsblog.de/what-the-ecthr-could-learn-from-courts-in-the-global-south/> accessed 18 March 2026
Nolan A, ‘Children’s Rights and Climate Change at the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child: Pragmatism and Principle in Sacchi v Argentina’ (EJIL:Talk, 2021) < https://www.ejiltalk.org/childrens-rights-and-climate-change-at-the-un-committee-on-the-rights-of-the-child-pragmatism-and-principle-in-sacchi-v-argentina/> accessed 18 March 2026
Nolan A, ‘Inter-generational Equity, Future Generations and Democracy in the European Court of Human Rights’ Klimaseniorinnen Decision’ (EJIL:Talk, 2024) < https://www.ejiltalk.org/inter-generational-equity-future-generations-and-democracy-in-the-european-court-of-human-rights-klimaseniorinnen-decision/> accessed 18 March 2026d
NRDC, ‘What is Environmental Racism?’ (2023) < https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-environmental-racism> accessed 19 March 2023
NRDC, ‘The Dakota Access Pipeline: What You Need to Know’ (2024) < https://www.nrdc.org/stories/dakota-access-pipeline-what-you-need-know> accessed 18 March 2026
NRDC, ‘Flint Water Crisis: Everything You Need to Know’ (2025) < https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flint-water-crisis-everything-you-need-know> accessed 18 March 2026
OECD, ‘Responsible Business Conduct’ < https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/responsible-business-conduct.html> accessed 19 March 2026
Palombo D, ‘Business, Human Rights and Climate Change: The Gradual Expansion of the Duty of Care’ (2024) 44 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 889 <https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqae023> accessed 19 March 2026
Peel J and Osofsky HM, ‘A Rights Turn in Climate Change Litigation’ (2018) 7 Transnational Human Rights Law 37 <https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102517000292> accessed 18 March 2026
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Petel M, ‘Beyond the Critique of Anthropocentrism: Rethinking the Rights of Nature’ (Open Global Rights, 2025) < https://www.openglobalrights.org/beyond-the-critique-of-anthropocentrism-rethinking-the-rights-of-nature/> accessed 19 March 2026
Rajavuori M, Savaresi A and van Asselt, H, ‘Mandatory Due Diligence Laws and Climate Change Litigation: Bridging the Corporate Climate Accountability Gap?’ (2023) 17 Regulation & Governance 944 <https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12518> accessed 19 March 2026
Rajesh A, ‘(Dis)ordering Anthropocentric Hierarchies’ (Voelkerrechtsblog, 2024) < https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/disordering-anthropocentric-hierarchies/> accesed 19 March 2026
Richelle J, ‘Environmental Procedural Rights Before European Courts: Still Searching for a Common Script or Multiplying Avenues of Protection?’ (Review of European Administrative Law, 2022) < https://realaw.blog/2022/02/25/environmental-procedural-rights-before-european-courts-still-searching-for-a-common-script-or-multiplying-avenues-of-protection-by-justine-richelle/> accessed 18 March 2026
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Rigon, A, ‘A Review of Intersectionality and Climate Change and the Potential of Intersectional Participatory Methods and Storytelling to Co-Produce Climate Justice’ (2025) 17 Climate and Development 892 <https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2025.2477105> accessed 19 March 2026
Rocha A,’ States’ Extraterritorial Jurisdiction for Climate-Related Impacts’ (Verfassungsblog, 2024) < https://verfassungsblog.de/states-extraterritorial-jurisdiction-for-climate-related-impacts/> accessed 18 March 2026
Rundel P, ‘Inadmissibility Decisions after KlimaSeniorinnen: Hope Remains for Müllner v. Austria as the Next Successful Climate Case before the ECtHR’ (EJIL:Talk, 2025) < https://www.ejiltalk.org/inadmissibility-decisions-after-klimaseniorinnen-hope-remains-for-mullner-v-austria-as-the-next-successful-climate-case-before-the-ecthr/> accessed 19 March 2026
Savaresi, ‘Plugging the Enforcement Gap: The Rise and Rise of Human Rights in Climate Change Litigation’ (2021) Questions of International Law < https://www.qil-qdi.org/plugging-the-enforcement-gap-the-rise-and-rise-of-human-rights-in-climate-change-litigation/> accessed 18 March 2026
Savaresi A and Setzer J, ‘Rights-Based Litigation in the Climate Emergency: Mapping the Landscape and New Knowledge Frontiers’ (2022) 13 Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 7 <https://doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2022.01.01> accessed 18 March 2026
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Shelton D, ‘Human Rights and the Environment: What Specific Environmental Rights Have Been Recognized’ (2006) 35 Denv. J. Int’l L. & Pol’y 129 < https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp/vol35/iss1/7/> accessed 18 March 2026
Sommardal J, ‘A Landmark Judgment: Three Crucial Aspects of Cannavacciuolo and Others v Italy’ (ECHR Blog, 2025) < https://www.echrblog.com/2025/02/by-dr.html> accessed 18 March 2026
Sommardal J, ‘ECHR Developments on Gender-Based Violence Part I: Secondary Victimisation, Discrimination, and Minors’ Consent’ (ECHR Blog, 2025) < https://www.echrblog.com/2025/06/echr-developments-on-gender-based.html> accessed 19 March 2026
Stockholm Resilience Centre, ‘Planetary Boundaries’ (Stockholm University) < https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html> accessed 19 March 2026
Sullivan R, Black R, Perkins R and Richards C, ‘Company-Lobbying and Climate Change: Good-Governance for Paris-Aligned Outcomes’ (Grantham Research Institute, LSE, 2022) < https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Company-lobbying-and-climate-change_good-governance-for-Paris-aligned-outcomes.pdf#:~:text=Distinguishing%20between%20positive%20and%20negative%20lobbying%20Indeed%2C,public%20climate%20policy%20(e.g.%20see%20Stokes%2C%202020> accessed 19 March 2026
Sultana F, ‘Critical Climate Justice’ (2022) 188 Geography Journal 118 < https://www.farhanasultana.com/wp-content/uploads/Sultana-Critical-climate-justice.pdf> accessed 19 March 2026
Tigre MA, ‘Lhaka Honhat Association vs Argentina: The Human Right to Environment in the Inter-American Court’ (GNHRE) < https://gnhre.org/?p=10827#_ftn1> accessed 18 March 2026
Tigre MA, ‘Indigenous Communities of the Lhaka Honhat (Our Land) Asssociation v Argentina’ (2021) 115 The American Journal of International Law 706 < https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/indigenous-communities-of-the-lhaka-honhat-our-land-association-v-argentina/D9DE378094040097131E02394C675BE2?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark> accessed 18 March 2026
Tigre MA et al, ‘A Panoply of Consequences? Remedies and Reparations in the ICJ’s Climate Opinion’ (Climate Law: A Sabin Center Blog, 2025) < https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2025/08/13/a-panoply-of-consequences-remedies-and-reparations-in-the-icjs-climate-opinion/> accessed 18 March 2026
Tyrrell J, ‘Earth Jurisprudence, Wild Law, and the Global Movement for Rights of Nature’ (Heinrich Böll Stiftung, 2025) < https://www.boell.de/en/2025/01/23/earth-jurisprudence-wild-law-and-global-movement-rights-nature> accessed 19 March 2026
Tyrrell J, ‘Empowering Nature’s Voice: The Global Impact of the International Rights of Nature Tribunal’ (Heinrich Böll Stiftung, 2025) < https://www.boell.de/en/2025/02/03/empowering-natures-voice-global-impact-international-rights-nature-tribunal> accessed 19 March 2026
United Nations Climate Change, ‘What is the Triple Planetary Crisis’ (2022) <https://unfccc.int/news/what-is-the-triple-planetary-crisis> accessed 17 March 2026
United Nations Environment Programme, ‘Global Climate Litigation Report: 2023 Status Review’ (UN Environment programme, 2023) < https://wedocs.unep.org/items/edab980b-abbd-44e0-95f9-8385d1a12552> accessed 18 March 2026
Vázquez EA and Amor-Jürgenssen T, ‘The Bloom of Nature’s Rights: On the IACtHR’s Recognition of Nature’s Legal Personality in AO-32/25’ (Climate Law: A Sabin Center Blog, 2025) < https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2025/07/18/the-bloom-of-natures-rights-on-the-iacthrs-recognition-of-natures-legal-personality-in-ao-32-25/> accessed 19 March 2026
Villavicencio-Calzadilla P, ‘The Rights of Mother Earth in Bolivia: Progress and Challenges’ (Henrich Böll Stiftung, 2025) < https://www.boell.de/en/2025/01/29/rights-mother-earth-bolivia-progress-and-challenges> accessed 19 March 2026
Voigt C, ‘“Doing the Utmost”: Due Diligence as the Standard of Conduct in International Climate Law’ (Climate Law: A Sabin Center Blog, 2025) < https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2025/09/03/doing-the-utmost-due-diligence-as-the-standard-of-conduct-in-international-climate-law/> accessed 19 March 2026
Volkerrechtsblogg, ‘Systemic Impacts and Structural Shifts: Climate Change and the Role of the ICJ Advisory Opinion’ < https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/symposium/symposium-on-the-icj-climate-change-advisory-opinion/> accessed 18 March 2026
Walker-Crawford N, Reyes JJ and Petov N, ‘Luciano Lliuya v. RWE: A Major Step Forward for Climate Justice (LSE, 2025) < https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/news/luciano-lliuya-v-rwe-a-major-step-forward-for-climate-justice/> accessed 19 March 2025
Watts J, ‘Could 2024 be the Year Nature Rights Enter the Political Mainstream?’ (The Guardian, 2024) < https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/jan/01/could-2024-be-the-year-nature-rights-enter-the-political-mainstream> accessed 19 March 2026
Wewerinke-Singh M, ‘Harmonizing Sources, Hardening Duties – Inside the ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on Climate Change’ (Climate Law: A Sabin Center Blog, 2025) < https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2025/08/11/harmonizing-sources-hardening-duties-inside-the-icjs-advisory-opinion-on-climate-change/> accessed 18 March 2026
Weise Z, ‘Europe’s Climate Activists Face ‘Repressive Tide’ (Politico, 2023) < https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-governments-crackdown-climate-change-activists-action-last-generation-extinction-rebellion/> accessed 18 March 2026
White RH, Anderson S, Booth JF et al, ‘The Unprecedented Pacific Northwest Heatwave of June 2021’ (2023) 14 Nat Commun 727 < https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36289-3> accessed 19 March 2026
Yunus A, Tan T, Ibrahim J and Gimino G, ‘AIHCR Aims for Historic Adoption of Two Human Rights Declarations Under Malaysia’s Leadership’ (AmerBON Advocates, 2025) < https://www.amerbon.com/media/aichr-aims-for-historic-adoption-of-two-human-rights-declarations> accessed 18 March 2026
Zahnow R, Yousefnia RA, Hassankhani M and Cheshmehzangi A, ‘Climate Change Inequalities: A Systematic Review of Disparities in Access to Mitigation and Adaptation Measures’ (2025) 165 Environmental Science and Policy 104021 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104021> accessed 19 March 2026
Refugee Law
Abebe TT, Abebe A and Sharpe M, ‘The 1969 OAU Refugee Convention at 50’ (Institute for Security Studies, 2019) < https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ar19.pdf> accessed 20 March 2026
Aleshkovski IA, Botcharova ZS, Grebenyuk AA, ‘The Evolution of the International Protection of Refugees between the World Wars’ (2021) 20 Social Evolution & History <https://doi.org/10.30884/seh/2021.02.05> accessed 20 March 2026
Almasri S, Diab JL and Maple N ‘ Durable Disillusionment: (Ir)Relevance of Solutions in Protracted Crises’ (RLI Blog on Refugee Law and Forced Migration, 2025) <https://rli.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2025/07/08/durable-disillusionment-irrelevance-of-solutions-in-protracted-crises/> accessed 24 March 2025
Anderson A, Foster M, Lambert H and McAdam J, ‘Imminence in Refugee and Human Rights Law: A Misplaced Notion for International Protection’ (2019) 68 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 111 < https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/q9819/imminence-in-refugee-and-human-rights-law-a-misplaced-notion-for-international-protection> accessed 20 March 2026
Apap J and Harju SJ, ‘The Concept of ‘Climate Refugee.’ Towards a Possible Definition’ (European Parliamentary Research Service, 2023) < https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/698753/EPRS_BRI(2021)698753_EN.pdf> accessed 21 March 2026
Atrey S, ‘Why Offshore Processing of Asylum Applications is Actually Racist’ (Verfassungsblog, 2024) < https://verfassungsblog.de/why-offshore-processing-of-asylum-applications-is-actually-racist/> accessed 20 March 2026
Bailey-Morley A, ‘Moving Beyond the Refugee Convention Impasse on Climate Displacement: Skills Mobility Partnership’ (Edward P. Djerejian Center for the Middle East, 2024) < https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/moving-beyond-refugee-convention-impasse-climate-displacement-skills-mobility-partnerships> accessed 21 March 2026
Banerjee K, ‘Extending the Scope of International Protection: Categories for Protected Forced Migrants’ (Working Paper Produced for the Panel of Experts, Zoberg Institute on Migration and Mobility, 2017) < https://zolberginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Banerjee_ExtendingScopeofInternationalProtection.pdf> accessed 20 March 2026
Behlert B, ‘A Significant Opening. On the HRC’s Groundbreaking First Ruling in the Case of a ‘Climate Refugee’’ (Völkerrechtsblog, 2020) < https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/a-significant-opening/> accessed 21 March 2026
Besson S, ‘Sovereignty’ (Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law, 2011) < https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1472> accessed 20 March 2026
Billing KL, ‘70th Anniversary of the Refugee Convention – a Legal Instrument which Remains as Relevant Today, When Forcible Displacement Has Reached Record Levels’ (UNHCR, 2021) < https://www.unhcr.org/ua/en/news/70th-anniversary-refugee-convention-legal-instrument-which-remains-relevant-today-when> accessed 20 March 2026
Çalı B, Costello C, and Cunningham S, ‘Hard Protection through Soft Courts? Non-Refoulement before the United Nations Treaty Bodies’ (2020) 21 German Law Journal 355 <https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.28> accessed 20 March 2026
Chetail V, ‘Are Refugee Rights Human Rights? An Unorthodox Questioning of the Relations between Refugee Law and Human Rights Law’, in Ruth Rubio-Marín (ed), Human Rights and Immigration, Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law (OUP 2014) < https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2147763> accessed 20 March 2026
Citroni G, ‘Human Rights Committee’s Decision on the Case Leoane Teitiota v New Zealand: Landmark or Will-O’-The-Wisp for Climate Refugees? (2020) 2 Questions of International Law 1 <https://www.qil-qdi.org/human-rights-committees-decision-on-the-case-ieoane-teitiota-v-new-zealand-landmark-or-will-o-the-wisp-for-climate-refugees/> accessed 24 March 2026
De Leo A, ‘Managing Migration the Italian Way” (Verfassungsblog, 2024) < https://verfassungsblog.de/managing-migration-the-italian-way/> accessed 20 March 2026
Duffy A, ‘Expulsion to Face Torture? Non-refoulement in International Law’ (2008) 20 International Journal of Refugee Law 373 < https://www.eui.eu/Documents/DepartmentsCentres/AcademyofEuropeanLaw/CourseMaterialsHR/HR2010/Chetail/ChetailReading1.pdf> accessed 20 March 2026
ELENA, ‘Research Paper on Non-State Agents of Persecution’ (London 1998) < https://ecre.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ELENA_Research-Paper-on-Non-State-Agents-of-Persecution_September-2000.pdf> accessed 20 March 2026
European Commission, ‘Asylum in the EU’ (2025) < https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/migration-and-asylum/asylum-eu_en> accessed 20 March 2026
European Commission, ‘Temporary Protection’ (2025) < https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/migration-and-asylum/asylum-eu/temporary-protection_en> accessed 20 March 2026
Garip F and Reed CA, ‘Climate Change and Human Mobility: Considering Context, Mechanisms, and Selectivity’ (2025) 51 Population and Development Review 449 <https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12716> accessed 21 March 2026
Grześkowiak M, EU Asylum Law in the Face of a Paradigm Shift’ (Verfassungsblog, 2024) < https://verfassungsblog.de/eu-asylum-law-in-the-face-of-a-paradigm-shift/> accessed 20 March 2026
Hathaway JC, ‘The Architecture of the UN Refugee Convention and Protocol’ in Costello C, Foster M, and McAdam J (eds) Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law (OUP 2021) < https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=book_chapters> accessed 20 March 2026
Hathaway JC, ‘The Rights of Refugees Under International Law (CUP 2nd ed., 2021) < https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1269&context=book_chapters> accessed 20 March 2026
Imperial War Museums, ‘What happened to people displaced by the Second World War?) < https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-happened-to-people-displaced-by-the-second-world-war> accessed 20 March 2026
Ineli-Ciger M and Ulusoy O, ‘Why the EU-Turkey Statement Should Never Serve as a Blueprint’ (Centre for European Policy Studies, 2020) < https://www.asileproject.eu/why-the-eu-turkey-statement-should-never-serve-as-a-blueprint/> accessed 20 March 2026
IOM UN Migration, ‘Experts Call for Stronger Legal Protections for Climate-Induced Migration’ (2025) < https://rodakar.iom.int/news/experts-call-stronger-legal-protections-climate-induced-migration> accessed 21 March 2026
Kassab I, ‘A Synergistic Approach to the OAU Refugee Convention and the Kampala Convention’ (Edward P. Djerejian Center for the Middle East, 2024) < https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/synergistic-approach-oau-refugee-convention-and-kampala-convention> accessed 21 March 2026
Kretzmer D, ‘Torture, Prohibition of’ (Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law, 2022) < https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e880> accessed 20 March 2026
Luporini R and Savaresi A, ‘International Human Rights Bodies and Climate Litigation: Don’t Look Up?’ (2023) 32 RECIEL 267 < https://www.iris.santannapisa.it/retrieve/30f13f3c-7824-4dca-8f5a-793ff1d8724a/Rev%20Euro%20Comp%20Intl%20Enviro%20-%202023%20-%20Luporini.pdf> accessed 21 March 2026
Mann I, ‘S.S. and Others v. Italy: Killing by Omission, Confirmed by Design’ (EJIL:Talk, 2025) < https://www.ejiltalk.org/s-s-and-others-v-italy-killing-by-omission-confirmed-by-design/> accessed 20 March 2026
Migration Data Portal, ‘Climate Change and Human Mobility’ < https://www.migrationdataportal.org/climate-mobility-spotlight> accessed 21 March 2026
Minority Rights, ‘Bidoon in Kuwait’ < https://minorityrights.org/communities/bidoon/> accessed 20 March 2026
Nicolosi SF, ‘Externalisation of Migration Controls: A Taxonomy of Practices and Their Implications in International and European Law’ (2024) 71 Neth Int Law Rev 1–20 < https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-024-00253-9> accessed 20 March 2026
Oberman K, ‘Is the UN Refugee Convention still fit for purpose?’ (London School of Economics, 2025) < https://www.lse.ac.uk/research/research-for-the-world/society/un-refugee-convention-failing> accessed 21 March 2026
Rahman MM, ‘Statelessness – the Root Cause of the Rohingya Crisis – Needs to Be Addressed’ (New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy, 2024) < https://newlinesinstitute.org/intl-law-peace/statelessness-the-root-cause-of-the-rohingya-crisis-needs-to-be-addressed/> accessed 20 March 2026
Refugees International, ‘Cartagena +40: Rethinking Protection’ (ACNUR) < https://www.acnur.org/tr/sites/default/files/2024-08/RI_Cartagena+40_Advocacy-Document.pdf> accessed 20 March 2026
Quiller-Doust J, ‘Briefing: Article 1D of the Refugee Convention and Palestinian Refugees’ (Freemovment, 2023) < https://freemovement.org.uk/briefing-what-is-article-1d-of-the-refugee-convention/> accessed 20 March 2026
Scissa C, ‘The Principle of Non-Refoulement and Environmental Migration: A Legal Analysis of Regional Protection Instruments’ (2022) 3 Diritto, Immigrazione e Cittadinanz 1 < https://www.dirittoimmigrazionecittadinanza.it/archivio-saggi-commenti/saggi/fascicolo-n-3-2022/1006-the-principle-of-non-refoulement-and-environmental-migration-a-legal-analysis-of-regional-protection-instruments/file> accessed 21 March 2026
Simma B, ‘Reciprocity’ (Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law, 2008) < https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1461> accessed 20 March 2026
Simpson N et al, ‘Research Priorities for Climate Migration’ (2024) 7 One Earth 589 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.02.002> accessed 21 March 2026
Sussman CM, ‘A Global Migration Framework Under Water: How Can the International Community Protect Climate Refugees?’ (2023) 2 Chicago Journal of International Law 41 < https://cjil.uchicago.edu/online-archive/global-migration-framework-under-water-how-can-international-community-protect> accessed 21 March 2026
Walsh PW, ‘Q&A: The UK’s former policy to send asylum seekers to Rwanda’ (The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford, 2024) < https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/commentaries/qa-the-uks-policy-to-send-asylum-seekers-to-rwanda/> accessed 20 March 2026
Wood T, ‘Who is a Refugee in Africa? A Principled Framework for Interpreting and Applying Africa’s Expanded Refugee Definition’ (2019) 31 International Journal of Refuge Law 290 < https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3834812> accessed 20 March 2026
Socio-Economic Rights
Amin A, ‘A teleological approach to interpreting socio-economic rights in the African Charter: Appropriateness and methodology’ (2021) 21(1) African Human Rights Journal<http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.phpscript=sci_arttext&pid=S1996-20962021000100011&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en#back_fn7> accessed 24 February 2026
Bell J and Fisher E, ‘The ‘Heathrow’ Case: Polycentricity, Legislation, and the Standard of Review’ (2020) 83(5) Modern Law Review <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1468-2230.12555> accessed 24 February 2026
Bilchitz D, ‘The Right to Health Care Services and the Minimum Core’ (2006) 7 ESR Review 2 <https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/AJA1684260X_306> accessed 15 April 2026
Boyle K, Camps D, English KK, Ferrie JE, Flegg A and Mukherjee G, ‘2: The International Human Rights Framework for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ In Access to Justice (Bristol University Press, 2025) <https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529237924> accessed 24 February 2026
Butler P, ‘‘Unconscionable’ universal credit cut breaks human rights law, says UN envoy’ The Guardian (16 September 2021) <https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/sep/16/unconscionable-universal-credit-cut-breaks-human-rights-law-says-un-envoy> accessed 19 February 2026
Christiansen EC, ‘Exporting South Africa’s Social Rights Jurisprudence’ (2007) 5(1) Loyola University Chicago International Law Review <https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/pubs/117/> accessed 24 February 2026
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Torture, Inhuman, Cruel or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
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The Prohibition of Slavery
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Stoyanova V, ‘Dancing on the Borders of Article 4. Human Trafficking and the European Court of Human Rights in the Rantsev Case’ (2012) 30(2) Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights <https://humanrights.lu.se/vladislava-stoyanova/publication/ec88a448-1b2a-47eb-8316-5303251fcf4a> accessed 27 March 2026
Walk Free Foundation, ‘Global Slavery Index’ (Walk Free, 2023) <https://walkfree.org/global-slavery-index/> accessed 25 March 2026
Freedom of Religion or Belief
Chaib SO and Peroni L, ‘S.A.S. v France: Missed Opportunity to do Full Justice to Women Wearing a Face Veil’ (Strasbourg Observers S, 2014) < https://strasbourgobservers.com/2014/07/03/s-a-s-v-france-missed-opportunity-to-do-full-justice-to-women-wearing-a-face-veil/> accessed 15 April 2026.
Danchin P, ‘Suspect Symbols: Value Pluralism as a Theory of Religious Freedom in International Law’ (2008) 33 Yale Journal of International Law 1 < https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1058641> accessed 15 April 2026.
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Hunter-Henin M, ‘Religious Neutrality at Europe’s Highest Courts: Shifting Strategies’ (2022) 11 Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 23 < https://academic.oup.com/ojlr/article/11/1/23/6811795?login=true> accessed 15 April 2026
Khaitan T and Calderwood Norton J, ‘The Right to Freedom of Religion and the Right against Religious Discrimination: Theoretical Distinctions’ (2019) 17(4) International Journal of Constitutional Law 1125 <https://academic.oup.com/icon/article/17/4/1125/5710828?login=true> accessed 15 April 2026.
Kuhn PY, ‘Reforming the Approach to Racial and Religious Hate Speech Under Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights’ (2019) 19 Human Rights Law Review 119 <https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/19/1/119/5318993?login=true&guestAccessKey=> accessed 15 April 2026
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Ligthart S, ‘Reconsidering the Absolute Nature of the Right to Freedom of Thought’ (2025) 25 Human Rights Law Review 1< https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngaf018> accessed 15 April 2026.
Lippert-Rasmussen K, ‘Why Indirect Discrimination is a Useful Legal but Not a Useful Moral Concept’ (2022) 15 Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 83 < https://ejpe.org/journal/article/view/655> accessed 15 April 2026.
McCrea R, ‘Singing from the Same Hymn Sheet? What the Differences between the Strasbourg and Luxembourg Courts Tell Us About Religious Freedom, Non-Discrimination, and the Secular State’ (2016) 5 Oxford Journal of Law and Religion 183 < https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1500852/1/McCrea%202016%20Singing%20from%20the%20same%20hymn%20sheet%20AAM.pdf> accessed 15 April 2026.
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Ringelheim J, ‘The Burden of Proof in Anti-Discrimination Proceedings. A Focus on Belgium, France and Ireland’ (2019) 2 European Equality Law Review 49 < https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3498346> accessed 15 April 2026.
Schiek D, ‘On Uses, Mis-uses and Non-uses of Intersectionality before the Court of Justice (EU)’ (2018) 18 International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 82 < https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/154096848/Schiek_non_uses_of_intersectionality_ECJ_2018_CETLS_working_paper.pdf> accessed 15 April 2026.
Trispiotis I, ‘Two Interpretations of “Living Together” in European Human Rights Law’ (2016) 75(3) Cambridge Law Journal 580 < https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/104703/7/Trispiotis-Two%20Interpretations%20of%20Living%20Together.pdf> accessed 15 April 2026.
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Vickers L, ‘Achbita and Bougnaoui: One Step Forward and Two Steps Back for Religious Diversity in the Workplace’ (2017) European Labour Law Journal 1 < https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/file/de36a969-ee89-4d3b-b0c6-a96e008298f3/1/Responding%20to%20religious%20diversity%20-%202017%20-%20Vickers.pdf> accessed 15 April 2026.
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Children’s Rights
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